The Effect of Chemical Additives on Ice-Spike Formation
نویسندگان
چکیده
Solutions of sodium bicarbonate, calcium chloride, ethanol, acetic acid, and methanol, in concentrations ranging from 10−7 to 0.1 molar, were frozen under controlled conditions to measure the dependence of ice-spike formation on chemical impurities in water. The probability of ice-spike formation was plotted against molarity of solution to determine general trends for different solutes. The varying effects of different solutes at the same concentrations suggested that freezing-point depression was unlikely to cause inhibition of ice-spike formation in solutions, and a model based on dendritic sheet formation was proposed.
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